1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
2 /*
3  * (C) Copyright 2008 Semihalf
4  *
5  * (C) Copyright 2000-2009
6  * DENX Software Engineering
7  * Wolfgang Denk, wd@denx.de
8  */
9 
10 #include "imagetool.h"
11 #include "mkimage.h"
12 #include "imximage.h"
13 #include <image.h>
14 #include <version.h>
15 
16 static void copy_file(int, const char *, int);
17 
18 /* parameters initialized by core will be used by the image type code */
19 static struct image_tool_params params = {
20 	.os = IH_OS_LINUX,
21 	.arch = IH_ARCH_PPC,
22 	.type = IH_TYPE_KERNEL,
23 	.comp = IH_COMP_GZIP,
24 	.dtc = MKIMAGE_DEFAULT_DTC_OPTIONS,
25 	.imagename = "",
26 	.imagename2 = "",
27 };
28 
29 static enum ih_category cur_category;
30 
h_compare_category_name(const void * vtype1,const void * vtype2)31 static int h_compare_category_name(const void *vtype1, const void *vtype2)
32 {
33 	const int *type1 = vtype1;
34 	const int *type2 = vtype2;
35 	const char *name1 = genimg_get_cat_short_name(cur_category, *type1);
36 	const char *name2 = genimg_get_cat_short_name(cur_category, *type2);
37 
38 	return strcmp(name1, name2);
39 }
40 
show_valid_options(enum ih_category category)41 static int show_valid_options(enum ih_category category)
42 {
43 	int *order;
44 	int count;
45 	int item;
46 	int i;
47 
48 	count = genimg_get_cat_count(category);
49 	order = calloc(count, sizeof(*order));
50 	if (!order)
51 		return -ENOMEM;
52 
53 	/* Sort the names in order of short name for easier reading */
54 	for (i = 0, item = 0; i < count; i++, item++) {
55 		while (!genimg_cat_has_id(category, item) && i < count) {
56 			item++;
57 			count--;
58 		}
59 		order[i] = item;
60 	}
61 	cur_category = category;
62 	qsort(order, count, sizeof(int), h_compare_category_name);
63 
64 	fprintf(stderr, "\nInvalid %s, supported are:\n",
65 		genimg_get_cat_desc(category));
66 	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
67 		item = order[i];
68 		fprintf(stderr, "\t%-15s  %s\n",
69 			genimg_get_cat_short_name(category, item),
70 			genimg_get_cat_name(category, item));
71 	}
72 	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
73 	free(order);
74 
75 	return 0;
76 }
77 
usage(const char * msg)78 static void usage(const char *msg)
79 {
80 	fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", msg);
81 	fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s -l image\n"
82 			 "          -l ==> list image header information\n",
83 		params.cmdname);
84 	fprintf(stderr,
85 		"       %s [-x] -A arch -O os -T type -C comp -a addr -e ep -n name -d data_file[:data_file...] image\n"
86 		"          -A ==> set architecture to 'arch'\n"
87 		"          -O ==> set operating system to 'os'\n"
88 		"          -T ==> set image type to 'type'\n"
89 		"          -C ==> set compression type 'comp'\n"
90 		"          -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex)\n"
91 		"          -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex)\n"
92 		"          -n ==> set image name to 'name'\n"
93 		"          -d ==> use image data from 'datafile'\n"
94 		"          -x ==> set XIP (execute in place)\n",
95 		params.cmdname);
96 	fprintf(stderr,
97 		"       %s [-D dtc_options] [-f fit-image.its|-f auto|-F] [-b <dtb> [-b <dtb>]] [-E] [-B size] [-i <ramdisk.cpio.gz>] fit-image\n"
98 		"           <dtb> file is used with -f auto, it may occur multiple times.\n",
99 		params.cmdname);
100 	fprintf(stderr,
101 		"          -D => set all options for device tree compiler\n"
102 		"          -f => input filename for FIT source\n"
103 		"          -i => input filename for ramdisk file\n"
104 		"          -E => place data outside of the FIT structure\n"
105 		"          -B => align size in hex for FIT structure and header\n");
106 #ifdef CONFIG_FIT_SIGNATURE
107 	fprintf(stderr,
108 		"Signing / verified boot options: [-k keydir] [-K dtb] [ -c <comment>] [-p addr] [-r] [-N engine]\n"
109 		"          -k => set directory containing private keys\n"
110 		"          -K => write public keys to this .dtb file\n"
111 		"          -c => add comment in signature node\n"
112 		"          -F => re-sign existing FIT image\n"
113 		"          -p => place external data at a static position\n"
114 		"          -r => mark keys used as 'required' in dtb\n"
115 		"          -N => openssl engine to use for signing\n");
116 #else
117 	fprintf(stderr,
118 		"Signing / verified boot not supported (CONFIG_FIT_SIGNATURE undefined)\n");
119 #endif
120 	fprintf(stderr, "       %s -V ==> print version information and exit\n",
121 		params.cmdname);
122 	fprintf(stderr, "Use '-T list' to see a list of available image types\n");
123 
124 	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
125 }
126 
add_content(int type,const char * fname)127 static int add_content(int type, const char *fname)
128 {
129 	struct content_info *cont;
130 
131 	cont = calloc(1, sizeof(*cont));
132 	if (!cont)
133 		return -1;
134 	cont->type = type;
135 	cont->fname = fname;
136 	if (params.content_tail)
137 		params.content_tail->next = cont;
138 	else
139 		params.content_head = cont;
140 	params.content_tail = cont;
141 
142 	return 0;
143 }
144 
145 #define OPT_STRING "a:A:b:B:c:C:d:D:e:Ef:Fk:i:K:ln:N:p:O:rR:qstT:vVx"
process_args(int argc,char ** argv)146 static void process_args(int argc, char **argv)
147 {
148 	char *ptr;
149 	int type = IH_TYPE_INVALID;
150 	char *datafile = NULL;
151 	int opt;
152 
153 	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv,
154 		   "a:A:b:B:c:C:d:D:e:Ef:Fk:i:K:ln:N:p:O:rR:qstT:vVx")) != -1) {
155 		switch (opt) {
156 		case 'a':
157 			params.addr = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
158 			if (*ptr) {
159 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid load address %s\n",
160 					params.cmdname, optarg);
161 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
162 			}
163 			break;
164 		case 'A':
165 			params.arch = genimg_get_arch_id(optarg);
166 			if (params.arch < 0) {
167 				show_valid_options(IH_ARCH);
168 				usage("Invalid architecture");
169 			}
170 			break;
171 		case 'b':
172 			if (add_content(IH_TYPE_FLATDT, optarg)) {
173 				fprintf(stderr,
174 					"%s: Out of memory adding content '%s'",
175 					params.cmdname, optarg);
176 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
177 			}
178 			break;
179 		case 'B':
180 			params.bl_len = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
181 			if (*ptr) {
182 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid block length %s\n",
183 					params.cmdname, optarg);
184 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
185 			}
186 
187 			break;
188 		case 'c':
189 			params.comment = optarg;
190 			break;
191 		case 'C':
192 			params.comp = genimg_get_comp_id(optarg);
193 			if (params.comp < 0) {
194 				show_valid_options(IH_COMP);
195 				usage("Invalid compression type");
196 			}
197 			break;
198 		case 'd':
199 			params.datafile = optarg;
200 			params.dflag = 1;
201 			break;
202 		case 'D':
203 			params.dtc = optarg;
204 			break;
205 		case 'e':
206 			params.ep = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
207 			if (*ptr) {
208 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid entry point %s\n",
209 					params.cmdname, optarg);
210 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
211 			}
212 			params.eflag = 1;
213 			break;
214 		case 'E':
215 			params.external_data = true;
216 			break;
217 		case 'f':
218 			datafile = optarg;
219 			params.auto_its = !strcmp(datafile, "auto");
220 			/* fallthrough */
221 		case 'F':
222 			/*
223 			 * The flattened image tree (FIT) format
224 			 * requires a flattened device tree image type
225 			 */
226 			params.type = IH_TYPE_FLATDT;
227 			params.fflag = 1;
228 			break;
229 		case 'i':
230 			params.fit_ramdisk = optarg;
231 			break;
232 		case 'k':
233 			params.keydir = optarg;
234 			break;
235 		case 'K':
236 			params.keydest = optarg;
237 			break;
238 		case 'l':
239 			params.lflag = 1;
240 			break;
241 		case 'n':
242 			params.imagename = optarg;
243 			break;
244 		case 'N':
245 			params.engine_id = optarg;
246 			break;
247 		case 'O':
248 			params.os = genimg_get_os_id(optarg);
249 			if (params.os < 0) {
250 				show_valid_options(IH_OS);
251 				usage("Invalid operating system");
252 			}
253 			break;
254 		case 'p':
255 			params.external_offset = strtoull(optarg, &ptr, 16);
256 			if (*ptr) {
257 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: invalid offset size %s\n",
258 					params.cmdname, optarg);
259 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
260 			}
261 			break;
262 		case 'q':
263 			params.quiet = 1;
264 			break;
265 		case 'r':
266 			params.require_keys = 1;
267 			break;
268 		case 'R':
269 			/*
270 			 * This entry is for the second configuration
271 			 * file, if only one is not enough.
272 			 */
273 			params.imagename2 = optarg;
274 			break;
275 		case 's':
276 			params.skipcpy = 1;
277 			break;
278 		case 't':
279 			params.reset_timestamp = 1;
280 			break;
281 		case 'T':
282 			if (strcmp(optarg, "list") == 0) {
283 				show_valid_options(IH_TYPE);
284 				exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
285 			}
286 			type = genimg_get_type_id(optarg);
287 			if (type < 0) {
288 				show_valid_options(IH_TYPE);
289 				usage("Invalid image type");
290 			}
291 			break;
292 		case 'v':
293 			params.vflag++;
294 			break;
295 		case 'V':
296 			printf("mkimage version %s\n", PLAIN_VERSION);
297 			exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
298 		case 'x':
299 			params.xflag++;
300 			break;
301 		default:
302 			usage("Invalid option");
303 		}
304 	}
305 
306 	/* The last parameter is expected to be the imagefile */
307 	if (optind < argc)
308 		params.imagefile = argv[optind];
309 
310 	/*
311 	 * For auto-generated FIT images we need to know the image type to put
312 	 * in the FIT, which is separate from the file's image type (which
313 	 * will always be IH_TYPE_FLATDT in this case).
314 	 */
315 	if (params.type == IH_TYPE_FLATDT) {
316 		params.fit_image_type = type ? type : IH_TYPE_KERNEL;
317 		/* For auto_its, datafile is always 'auto' */
318 		if (!params.auto_its)
319 			params.datafile = datafile;
320 		else if (!params.datafile)
321 			usage("Missing data file for auto-FIT (use -d)");
322 	} else if (type != IH_TYPE_INVALID) {
323 		if (type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT && !params.datafile)
324 			usage("Missing data file for script (use -d)");
325 		params.type = type;
326 	}
327 
328 	if (!params.imagefile)
329 		usage("Missing output filename");
330 }
331 
main(int argc,char ** argv)332 int main(int argc, char **argv)
333 {
334 	int ifd = -1;
335 	struct stat sbuf;
336 	char *ptr;
337 	int retval = 0;
338 	struct image_type_params *tparams = NULL;
339 	int pad_len = 0;
340 	int dfd;
341 	size_t map_len;
342 
343 	params.cmdname = *argv;
344 	params.addr = 0;
345 	params.ep = 0;
346 
347 	process_args(argc, argv);
348 
349 	/* set tparams as per input type_id */
350 	tparams = imagetool_get_type(params.type);
351 	if (tparams == NULL) {
352 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: unsupported type %s\n",
353 			params.cmdname, genimg_get_type_name(params.type));
354 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
355 	}
356 
357 	/*
358 	 * check the passed arguments parameters meets the requirements
359 	 * as per image type to be generated/listed
360 	 */
361 	if (tparams->check_params)
362 		if (tparams->check_params (&params))
363 			usage("Bad parameters for image type");
364 
365 	if (!params.eflag) {
366 		params.ep = params.addr;
367 		/* If XIP, entry point must be after the U-Boot header */
368 		if (params.xflag)
369 			params.ep += tparams->header_size;
370 	}
371 
372 	if (params.fflag){
373 		if (tparams->fflag_handle)
374 			/*
375 			 * in some cases, some additional processing needs
376 			 * to be done if fflag is defined
377 			 *
378 			 * For ex. fit_handle_file for Fit file support
379 			 */
380 			retval = tparams->fflag_handle(&params);
381 
382 		if (retval != EXIT_SUCCESS)
383 			exit (retval);
384 	}
385 
386 	if (params.lflag || params.fflag) {
387 		ifd = open (params.imagefile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY);
388 	} else {
389 		ifd = open (params.imagefile,
390 			O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY, 0666);
391 	}
392 
393 	if (ifd < 0) {
394 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
395 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
396 			strerror(errno));
397 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
398 	}
399 
400 	if (params.lflag || params.fflag) {
401 		/*
402 		 * list header information of existing image
403 		 */
404 		if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
405 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
406 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
407 				strerror(errno));
408 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
409 		}
410 
411 		if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < tparams->header_size) {
412 			fprintf (stderr,
413 				"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is not valid image\n",
414 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile);
415 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
416 		}
417 
418 		ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
419 		if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
420 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
421 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
422 				strerror(errno));
423 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
424 		}
425 
426 		if (params.fflag) {
427 			/*
428 			 * Verifies the header format based on the expected header for image
429 			 * type in tparams
430 			 */
431 			retval = imagetool_verify_print_header_by_type(ptr, &sbuf,
432 					tparams, &params);
433 		} else {
434 			/**
435 			 * When listing the image, we are not given the image type. Simply check all
436 			 * image types to find one that matches our header
437 			 */
438 			retval = imagetool_verify_print_header(ptr, &sbuf,
439 					tparams, &params);
440 		}
441 
442 		(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
443 		(void) close (ifd);
444 
445 		exit (retval);
446 	}
447 
448 	if ((params.type != IH_TYPE_MULTI) && (params.type != IH_TYPE_SCRIPT)) {
449 		dfd = open(params.datafile, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
450 		if (dfd < 0) {
451 			fprintf(stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
452 				params.cmdname, params.datafile,
453 				strerror(errno));
454 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
455 		}
456 
457 		if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
458 			fprintf(stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
459 				params.cmdname, params.datafile,
460 				strerror(errno));
461 			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
462 		}
463 
464 		params.file_size = sbuf.st_size + tparams->header_size;
465 		close(dfd);
466 	}
467 
468 	/*
469 	 * In case there an header with a variable
470 	 * length will be added, the corresponding
471 	 * function is called. This is responsible to
472 	 * allocate memory for the header itself.
473 	 */
474 	if (tparams->vrec_header)
475 		pad_len = tparams->vrec_header(&params, tparams);
476 	else
477 		memset(tparams->hdr, 0, tparams->header_size);
478 
479 	if (write(ifd, tparams->hdr, tparams->header_size)
480 					!= tparams->header_size) {
481 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
482 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
483 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
484 	}
485 
486 	if (!params.skipcpy) {
487 		if (params.type == IH_TYPE_MULTI ||
488 		    params.type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
489 			char *file = params.datafile;
490 			uint32_t size;
491 
492 			for (;;) {
493 				char *sep = NULL;
494 
495 				if (file) {
496 					if ((sep = strchr(file, ':')) != NULL) {
497 						*sep = '\0';
498 					}
499 
500 					if (stat (file, &sbuf) < 0) {
501 						fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
502 							 params.cmdname, file, strerror(errno));
503 						exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
504 					}
505 					size = cpu_to_uimage (sbuf.st_size);
506 				} else {
507 					size = 0;
508 				}
509 
510 				if (write(ifd, (char *)&size, sizeof(size)) != sizeof(size)) {
511 					fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
512 						 params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
513 						 strerror(errno));
514 					exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
515 				}
516 
517 				if (!file) {
518 					break;
519 				}
520 
521 				if (sep) {
522 					*sep = ':';
523 					file = sep + 1;
524 				} else {
525 					file = NULL;
526 				}
527 			}
528 
529 			file = params.datafile;
530 
531 			for (;;) {
532 				char *sep = strchr(file, ':');
533 				if (sep) {
534 					*sep = '\0';
535 					copy_file (ifd, file, 1);
536 					*sep++ = ':';
537 					file = sep;
538 				} else {
539 					copy_file (ifd, file, 0);
540 					break;
541 				}
542 			}
543 		} else if (params.type == IH_TYPE_PBLIMAGE) {
544 			/* PBL has special Image format, implements its' own */
545 			pbl_load_uboot(ifd, &params);
546 		} else if (params.type == IH_TYPE_ZYNQMPBIF) {
547 			/* Image file is meta, walk through actual targets */
548 			int ret;
549 
550 			ret = zynqmpbif_copy_image(ifd, &params);
551 			if (ret)
552 				return ret;
553 		} else if (params.type == IH_TYPE_IMX8IMAGE) {
554 			/* i.MX8/8X has special Image format */
555 			int ret;
556 
557 			ret = imx8image_copy_image(ifd, &params);
558 			if (ret)
559 				return ret;
560 		} else if (params.type == IH_TYPE_IMX8MIMAGE) {
561 			/* i.MX8M has special Image format */
562 			int ret;
563 
564 			ret = imx8mimage_copy_image(ifd, &params);
565 			if (ret)
566 				return ret;
567 		} else if ((params.type == IH_TYPE_RKSD) ||
568 				(params.type == IH_TYPE_RKSPI)) {
569 			/* Rockchip has special Image format */
570 			int ret;
571 
572 			ret = rockchip_copy_image(ifd, &params);
573 			if (ret)
574 				return ret;
575 		} else {
576 			copy_file(ifd, params.datafile, pad_len);
577 		}
578 		if (params.type == IH_TYPE_FIRMWARE_IVT) {
579 			/* Add alignment and IVT */
580 			uint32_t aligned_filesize = ALIGN(params.file_size,
581 							  0x1000);
582 			flash_header_v2_t ivt_header = { { 0xd1, 0x2000, 0x40 },
583 					params.addr, 0, 0, 0, params.addr
584 							+ aligned_filesize
585 							- tparams->header_size,
586 					params.addr + aligned_filesize
587 							- tparams->header_size
588 							+ 0x20, 0 };
589 			int i = params.file_size;
590 			for (; i < aligned_filesize; i++) {
591 				if (write(ifd, (char *) &i, 1) != 1) {
592 					fprintf(stderr,
593 							"%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
594 							params.cmdname,
595 							params.imagefile,
596 							strerror(errno));
597 					exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
598 				}
599 			}
600 			if (write(ifd, &ivt_header, sizeof(flash_header_v2_t))
601 					!= sizeof(flash_header_v2_t)) {
602 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
603 						params.cmdname,
604 						params.imagefile,
605 						strerror(errno));
606 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
607 			}
608 		}
609 	}
610 
611 	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
612 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && \
613    !defined(__sun__) && \
614    !defined(__FreeBSD__) && \
615    !defined(__OpenBSD__) && \
616    !defined(__APPLE__)
617 	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
618 #else
619 	(void) fsync (ifd);
620 #endif
621 
622 	if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
623 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
624 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
625 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
626 	}
627 	params.file_size = sbuf.st_size;
628 
629 	map_len = sbuf.st_size;
630 	ptr = mmap(0, map_len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
631 	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
632 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't map %s: %s\n",
633 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
634 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
635 	}
636 
637 	/* Setup the image header as per input image type*/
638 	if (tparams->set_header)
639 		tparams->set_header (ptr, &sbuf, ifd, &params);
640 	else {
641 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't set header for %s: %s\n",
642 			params.cmdname, tparams->name, strerror(errno));
643 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
644 	}
645 
646 	/* Print the image information by processing image header */
647 	if (tparams->print_header)
648 		tparams->print_header (ptr);
649 	else {
650 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't print header for %s\n",
651 			params.cmdname, tparams->name);
652 	}
653 
654 	(void)munmap((void *)ptr, map_len);
655 
656 	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
657 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && \
658    !defined(__sun__) && \
659    !defined(__FreeBSD__) && \
660    !defined(__OpenBSD__) && \
661    !defined(__APPLE__)
662 	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
663 #else
664 	(void) fsync (ifd);
665 #endif
666 
667 	if (close(ifd)) {
668 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
669 			params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
670 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
671 	}
672 
673 	exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
674 }
675 
676 static void
copy_file(int ifd,const char * datafile,int pad)677 copy_file (int ifd, const char *datafile, int pad)
678 {
679 	int dfd;
680 	struct stat sbuf;
681 	unsigned char *ptr;
682 	int tail;
683 	int zero = 0;
684 	uint8_t zeros[4096];
685 	int offset = 0;
686 	int size, ret;
687 	struct image_type_params *tparams = imagetool_get_type(params.type);
688 
689 	memset(zeros, 0, sizeof(zeros));
690 
691 	if (params.vflag) {
692 		fprintf (stderr, "Adding Image %s\n", datafile);
693 	}
694 
695 	if ((dfd = open(datafile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY)) < 0) {
696 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
697 			params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
698 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
699 	}
700 
701 	if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
702 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
703 			params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
704 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
705 	}
706 
707 	ptr = mmap(0, sbuf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, dfd, 0);
708 	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
709 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
710 			params.cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
711 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
712 	}
713 
714 	if (params.xflag) {
715 		unsigned char *p = NULL;
716 		/*
717 		 * XIP: do not append the image_header_t at the
718 		 * beginning of the file, but consume the space
719 		 * reserved for it.
720 		 */
721 
722 		if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < tparams->header_size) {
723 			fprintf (stderr,
724 				"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is too small for XIP\n",
725 				params.cmdname, datafile);
726 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
727 		}
728 
729 		for (p = ptr; p < ptr + tparams->header_size; p++) {
730 			if ( *p != 0xff ) {
731 				fprintf (stderr,
732 					"%s: Bad file: \"%s\" has invalid buffer for XIP\n",
733 					params.cmdname, datafile);
734 				exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
735 			}
736 		}
737 
738 		offset = tparams->header_size;
739 	}
740 
741 	size = sbuf.st_size - offset;
742 
743 	ret = write(ifd, ptr + offset, size);
744 	if (ret != size) {
745 		if (ret < 0)
746 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
747 				 params.cmdname, params.imagefile, strerror(errno));
748 		else if (ret < size)
749 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write only %d/%d bytes, "\
750 				 "probably no space left on the device\n",
751 				 params.cmdname, ret, size);
752 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
753 	}
754 
755 	tail = size % 4;
756 	if ((pad == 1) && (tail != 0)) {
757 
758 		if (write(ifd, (char *)&zero, 4-tail) != 4-tail) {
759 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
760 				params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
761 				strerror(errno));
762 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
763 		}
764 	} else if (pad > 1) {
765 		while (pad > 0) {
766 			int todo = sizeof(zeros);
767 
768 			if (todo > pad)
769 				todo = pad;
770 			if (write(ifd, (char *)&zeros, todo) != todo) {
771 				fprintf(stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
772 					params.cmdname, params.imagefile,
773 					strerror(errno));
774 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
775 			}
776 			pad -= todo;
777 		}
778 	}
779 
780 	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
781 	(void) close (dfd);
782 }
783